Urine test:
A general check-up:
1, urine:
Normal reference value
Adult :1.0-1 .5L/24h, or 1mL / (h kg body weight); Children: kg body weight count by more than 3-4 times more than adults.
Clinical significance
1. Volume reduction
(1) physiological drinking less, sweating wait.
(2) common in pathological nephritis, uremia renal failure, shock, dehydration, severe burns, heart failure and so on.
2. An increase in urine
(1) physiological sweat less, water too much, drinking strong tea, alcohol, mental tension.
(2) pathological diabetes insipidus, diabetes, chronic nephritis, such as.
2, Color:
Normal reference value
Transparent, amber yellow.
3, density:
Normal reference value
Normal day between 1.15-1.025 urine density, density fluctuations of the largest up to between 1.003-1.030; newborn in between 1.002-1.004.
Clinical significance
Urine density to reduce common in chronic pyelonephritis, diabetes insipidus, chronic glomerulonephritis, acute renal failure polyuria periods of time.
Urine density was particularly prevalent in the diabetes, high fever, dehydration, such as acute glomerulonephritis.
4, acid-base properties:
Normal reference value
Urine pH (pH) in between 5.5-7.4, under normal circumstances at around 6.5.
Clinical significance
Urine pH value is less than the normal, common in acidosis, diabetes, gout, served acidic drugs; urine pH value is greater than normal, was particularly prevalent in alkalosis, cystitis, or sodium carbonate, such as re-use alkaline drugs.
Second, sediment examination:
1, urine sediment examination:
Normal reference value
RBC 0-3 / HPF; interleukin :0-5 / HPF.
Clinical significance
Erythrocytosis was particularly prevalent in glomerulonephritis, urinary calculi, tuberculosis, cancer.
Leukocytosis general inflammation in the urinary tract.
Third, chemical test:
1, urinary protein: normal urine contain only trace protein, urine protein content of more than 150mg/24h known as proteinuria.
Normal urine protein in urine from the plasma. There are a result of glomerular filtration membrane protein control devices, tubular protein reabsorption and the role of selective than albumin large molecular weight protein molecules is limited, smaller than the molecular weight of albumin protein does passed, However, these low-molecular-weight protein by tubular reabsorption, so the normal urine protein from plasma protein albumin in the main.
Normal reference value
Qualitative: Negative.
Quantitative :10-150mg / 24h urine.
Clinical significance
1. Increased physiological
Physiological increase in pathological changes in the absence of means on the basis of certain physiological state under a temporary increase in proteinuria. Commonly found in after strenuous exercise (exercise-induced proteinuria), postural changes (orthostatic proteinuria), the body by a sudden cold stimulation, or person, such as emotional. In these circumstances, the glomerular endothelial cell contraction, or congestive heart, so that increased glomerular permeability. Such physiological protein quantitative analysis can not be too high.
2. An increase in pathological
Proteinuria pathological, clinical common diseases are: acute glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, pyelonephritis, chronic nephritis, hypertension, kidney disease, such as benzene poisoning.
2, urine sugar:
Normal urine little sugar, urine sugar increased by more than normal is a pathological reaction.
Normal reference value
Qualitative: Negative.
Quantitative :0.56-5 .0 mmol / L ,100-900mg / (dL 24h) urine.
Clinical significance
An increase in urine sugar commonly found in diabetes, nephrotic syndrome, pancreatitis, diseases such as acromegaly.
3, bilirubin:
Normal reference value
Qualitative: Negative.
Clinical significance
Bilirubin positive substance commonly found in liver disease or obstructive jaundice.
